GeneralArm

Anatolia, Early Bronze Age

2005-11-18T06:10:00.000-08:00

The period following the Chalcolithic in Anatolia is generally referred to as the Bronze Age. In its earlier phases the predominant metal was in fact pure copper, but the older term Copper Age created confusion and has been discarded. Archaeological convention divides the Bronze Age into three subphases: early, middle, and late. The beginning of the Bronze Age, in

Meleager

2005-10-16T02:25:00.000-07:00

Greek poet from Gadara in Syria, who compiled the first large anthology of epigrams. This was the first of the collections that made up what is known as the Greek Anthology (q.v.). Meleager's collection contained poems by 50 writers and many by himself; an introductory poem compared each writer to a flower, and the whole was entitled Stephanos (“Garland”). Meleager's

Plains Indian

2005-07-28T23:50:00.000-07:00

The Indians of the North American Great Plains are popularly regarded as the typical American Indians. They were essentially big-game hunters, the buffalo being a primary source of food and equally important as a source of materials for clothing,

Physical Medicine And Rehabilitation

2005-07-27T05:40:00.000-07:00

Also called Physiatry, Physical Therapy, or Rehabilitation Medicine, medical specialty concerned with the treatment of chronic disabilities and with the restoration of normal functioning to the disabled through physical modes of treatment, such as exercise. This specialized medical service is generally aimed at rehabilitating persons disabled by pain or ailments affecting the motor functions of the body. Physical medicine

Selden, John

2005-07-24T18:30:00.000-07:00

Called to the bar in 1612, Selden practiced as a conveyancer, rarely appearing in court. His first major book, Titles of Honour (1614), has remained a useful reference. Analecton

Accismus

2005-07-07T21:10:00.000-07:00

A form of irony in which a person feigns indifference to or pretends to refuse something he or she desires. The fox's dismissal of the grapes in Aesop's fable of the fox and the grapes is an example of accismus. A classic example is that of Caesar's initial refusal to accept the crown, a circumstance reported by one of the conspirators in William Shakespeare's Julius

New Brunswick, Flag Of

2005-07-06T01:20:00.000-07:00

Following the establishment of the Dominion of Canada, Queen Victoria signed a royal warrant on May 26, 1868, designating coats of arms for the four original provinces—Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The golden lion on red in the New Brunswick coat of arms may refer to the arms of England (a red shield with three golden lions) or to the arms of the duchy of Brunswick

Belize, Daily life

2005-06-29T01:45:00.000-07:00

The social class of the people—whether they are poor or middle class—affects whether they will have such amenities as a car or television and influences as well whether their children will complete secondary school. Belizeans who have television watch mostly foreign programs, such as Mexican soap operas and North American sports; and the music they listen to largely

Dadra And Nagar Haveli

2005-06-15T18:55:00.000-07:00

Works dealing specifically with the west and west-central area prior to its annexation by India are mainly in Portuguese; see Henry Scholberg, Archana Ashok Kakodker, and Carmo Azevedo, Bibliography of Goa and the Portuguese in India (1982). See also M.N. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century (1976); and K.S. Mathew, Portuguese and the Sultanate of Gujarat, 1500–1573 (1986). Ganesh Dass, Socio-economic Profile of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, ed. by K.D. Ballal (1974); and P.S. Lele, Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1987), provide useful overviews. S.S. Desai, Goa, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1976), is a study of the three union territories.

Brunel, Sir Marc Isambard

2005-06-03T03:40:00.000-07:00

In 1793, after six years in the French navy, Brunel returned to France, which was then in the midst of revolution. Within a few months his royalist sympathies compelled him to leave. He fled to the United States, where he held the post of chief

Children's Literature, Overview

2005-05-31T22:10:00.000-07:00

The French themselves are not happy with their record. Writing in the late 1940s, critic Jean de Trigon, in Histoire de la littérature enfantine, de ma Mère l'Oye au Roi Babar (Paris, Librairie Hachette, 1950) said: “The French have created little children's literature. They have received more than they have given, but they have assimilated, adapted, transformed. The two are not the same

Nefertiti

2005-05-17T13:15:00.000-07:00

Nefertiti is best known for her portrait bust, found at Tell el-Amarna (ancient Akhetaton), the king's new capital.

Ashmore And Cartier Islands

2005-05-15T19:00:00.000-07:00

Officially Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands external territory of Australia, in the Indian Ocean. The islands lie 200 miles (320 km) northwest of Western Australia. The Ashmore Islands, comprising Middle, East, and West islands, are coral islets within a reef. Cartier Island, also lying within a reef, is more sandy in composition. Created in 1934, the territory was administratively linked to the Northern Territory of Australia

Davenport

2005-05-13T16:10:00.000-07:00

City, seat (1838) of Scott county, eastern Iowa, U.S. It lies on the north bank of the Mississippi River and is the largest of the Quad Cities, an urban complex that includes neighbouring Bettendorf to the east and Moline and Rock Island across the river in Illinois. Credit Island, now a park, was a battlefield in the War of 1812; Fort Armstrong (restored) was established on Rock Island

Stone, Irving

2005-03-14T06:11:00.000-08:00

After receiving his B.A. in 1923 at the University of California, Berkeley, and his master's degree in 1924 from the University of Southern California, he

Ossetic Language

2005-03-11T10:45:00.000-08:00

Eastern Iranian language spoken in the northern Caucasus by the Ossetes. There are two major dialects: (1) eastern, called Iron, and (2) western, called Digor. The majority of the Ossetes speak Iron, which is the basis of the literary language now written in the Cyrillic alphabet. Ossetic is the modern descendant of the language of the ancient Alani, a Sarmatian people, and the

Adamic, Louis

2005-03-05T17:32:00.000-08:00

Adamic immigrated to the United States from Yugoslavia at age 14 and was naturalized in 1918. He wrote about what he called the failure of the American melting pot in Laughing

Hinduism, Jainism

2005-03-04T18:52:00.000-08:00

With Jainism, which always remained an Indian religion, Hinduism has so much in common, especially in social institutions and ritual life, that nowadays Hindus tend to consider it a Hindu sect. Many Jains also are inclined to fraternization. The points of difference - e.g., a stricter ahimsa practice and the absence of sacrifices for the deceased in Jainism - do not give

Gunasthana

2005-03-03T01:26:00.000-08:00

The initial stages of development are: (1) mithyatva

Cross River, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-03-02T22:01:00.000-08:00

The Cross River, after which the state is named, rises from the Cameroon Mountains and flows southward, forming much

Goodall, Sir Reginald

2005-03-02T09:21:00.000-08:00

Goodall studied at the Royal College of Music in London and in Munich, Salzburg, and Vienna before joining the Sadler's Wells company in 1944. The next year he conducted the first performance of Benjamin Britten's opera

Crothers, Rachel, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-03-01T14:03:00.000-08:00

Crothers graduated from the Illinois State Normal School (now Illinois State University) in 1892, then studied dramatic art in Boston and New York City, and for a time she appeared

France, History Of, Commerce

2005-03-01T05:57:00.000-08:00

Commerce, especially with the colonies, was an important area of change as well. France's first colonial empire, essentially located in America, was a source of great wealth. Even though France lost both Canada and India during the Seven Years' War (1756 - 63), the Caribbean sugar islands continued to be the most lucrative source of French colonial activity in the last 100 years of

Monaghan

2005-02-28T20:22:00.000-08:00

Irish �Muineach�n (Place of Thickets)� one of the three counties of Ireland forming part of the historic province of Ulster. It projects northward into Northern Ireland, and has an area of 498 sq mi (1,291 sq km). Most of the northern boundary winds through cultivated lowlands except on Slieve (mountain) Beagh, a desolate upland rising to 1,221 ft (372 m). For many miles the boundary with Northern Ireland runs along the River

Cruelty, Theatre Of, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-28T14:15:00.000-08:00

project for an experimental theatre that was proposed by the French poet, actor, and theorist Antonin Artaud and that became a major influence on avant-garde 20th-century theatre. Artaud, influenced by Symbolism and Surrealism, along with Roger Vitrac and Robert Aron founded the Th��tre Alfred Jarry in 1926; they presented four programs before disbanding in 1929. Between 1931 and

Teres�polis

2005-02-27T10:18:00.000-08:00

City, central Rio de Janeiro estado (�state�), Brazil. It lies in the Serra dos �rg�os at 2,959 feet (902 m) above sea level. Named after the Brazilian empress Teresa Cristina in 1890 and originally spelled Therez�polis, it was given city status in 1893. A cool climate and picturesque setting amid mountain peaks such as the Dedo de Deus (�Finger of God�) make the city a popular summer resort. Flowers

Cruise Missile, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-27T09:04:00.000-08:00

type of low-flying strategic guided missile. The German V-1 missile used in World War II was a precursor of the cruise missile, which was developed by the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1960s and '70s. Capable of carrying either a nuclear or a conventional warhead, the cruise missile was designed to have a very low radar cross section and to hug the ground while traveling

Crusca Academy, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-26T21:00:00.000-08:00

Founded by five members of the

Ear Disease

2005-02-26T11:41:00.000-08:00

The child born deaf or with a severe hearing impairment cannot acquire speech by the normal process but must attend special classes or a school for the deaf to be taught speech and lipreading. Most of these children have remnants of the sense of hearing that can be utilized in their schooling by the use of aids to amplify sound. The child with a moderate or mild hearing

Manchester Terrier

2005-02-25T04:39:00.000-08:00

Breed of dog developed in England from the whippet, a racing dog, and the black-and-tan terrier, a valued ratter, to combine the gaming talents of each. In 1860 the breed was named after the city of Manchester, a breeding centre, but it was often called the black-and-tan terrier until the 1920s. A sleek, short-haired dog, the Manchester has a long, narrow head, small bright eyes, and a glossy

Cruz, Sor Juana In

2005-02-25T01:49:00.000-08:00

An intellectual prodigy, at eight she composed a loa (short dramatic poem) in honour of the Blessed Sacrament. At the same time, she begged her parents to disguise her as a boy and send her to the University of Mexico

Csokonai Vit

2005-02-24T15:08:00.000-08:00

Csokonai's early sympathies with the revolutionary trends of his age made life difficult for him in the wave of reaction that accompanied Napoleon's invasion of Europe. Dismissed after a brief career as an assistant master at the Calvinist college in Debrecen, he became a wandering

Gnetophyte

2005-02-24T02:49:00.000-08:00

Any member of the division Gnetophyta, a small group of vascular gymnospermous plants that are represented by three genera: Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia. There are about 35 species in the genus Ephedra, 30 or more in Gnetum, but only one in Welwitschia. The three genera exhibit their great diversity in the immense variety of form and size among the various species.

Cubism, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-23T20:24:00.000-08:00

highly influential visual arts style of the 20th century that was created principally by the artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in Paris between 1907 and 1914. The Cubist style emphasized the flat, two-dimensional surface of the picture plane, rejecting the traditional techniques of perspective, foreshortening, modeling, and chiaroscuro, and refuting time-honoured

Dualism

2005-02-23T08:10:00.000-08:00

In philosophy, the use of two irreducible, heterogeneous principles (sometimes in conflict, sometimes complementary) to analyze the knowing process (epistemological dualism) or to explain all of reality or some broad aspect of it (metaphysical dualism). Examples of epistemological dualism are being and thought, subject and object, and sense datum and thing; examples

Cueva, Juan De La, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-22T09:31:00.000-08:00

Cueva differed from his contemporaries in having his plays published, thus transmitting to posterity intact examples of early, albeit mediocre, Spanish drama. Cueva's plays in the collection Primera parte

Evolution, The gene pool

2005-02-22T00:15:00.000-08:00

The gene pool is the sum total of all of the genes and combinations of genes that occur in a population of organisms of the same species. It can be described by citing the frequencies of the alternative genetic constitutions. Consider, for example, a particular gene (which geneticists call a locus), such as the one determining the MN blood groups in humans. One form of the

Culavamsa, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-21T18:14:00.000-08:00

The portion of the Culavamsa dealing with Ceylon's

Drug Use, Amphetamines

2005-02-21T14:25:00.000-08:00

These stimulants are of three types having closely related actions on the nervous system: amphetamine proper (Benzedrine), one of its isomers (Dexedrine), and methamphetamine (Methedrine). The amphetamines have been used to alleviate depression, fatigue, the hyperkinetic behaviour disturbances of children, postencephalitic Parkinsonism, enuresis, nausea of pregnancy,

Culbertson, Ely, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-20T21:13:00.000-08:00

Culbertson was the son of an American oil explorer and lived as a boy in Russia. He was educated in Geneva and Paris. In his youth he was a revolutionary agent in the Russian Caucasus, Mexico, and Spain. When his father's

Rio Grande Do Sul

2005-02-20T00:39:00.000-08:00

The region was originally thinly inhabited by Tup�-Guaran�, Ge, and Guaycur� Indians. It

Culebra Island, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-19T18:19:00.000-08:00

Spanish �Isla De Culebra, � island, Puerto Rico, 20 miles (30 km) east of Puerto Rico island and 15 miles west of St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. The island fronts north on the Atlantic Ocean and south and west on Vieques Sound, which connects the Atlantic with the Caribbean Sea. About 7 miles (11 km) long and 2 miles (3 km) wide, Culebra Island is 10 square miles (26 square km) in area. Its hilly, almost barren mass of limestone and igneous

Rio Grande Do Sul

2005-02-19T10:32:00.000-08:00

Northern Ireland's oldest interdenominational party, a small, moderate party that represents middle-class interests primarily in the eastern areas of the province.

Aerospace Industry

2005-02-18T07:11:00.000-08:00

The product line of the aerospace industry is, by necessity, broad because its primary products - flight vehicles - require up to millions of individual parts. In addition, many support systems are needed to operate and maintain the vehicles. In terms of sales, military aircraft have the largest market share, followed by space systems and civil aircraft, with missiles

Culiac

2005-02-18T05:45:00.000-08:00

city, capital of Sinaloa estado (�state�), western Mexico. It is on a small coastal plain (276 feet [84 m] above sea level) at the foot of the lofty Sierra Madre Occidental, on the Culiac�n River. Founded in 1531, Culiac�n played an important role in early colonial days as a base for Spanish expeditions. An elaborate irrigation system in the valley provides for a great variety of crops, including

Skydiving

2005-02-17T18:32:00.000-08:00

Typical jump altitudes in modern times for experienced skydivers range from 7,500 to 15,000 feet (2,300 to 4,600 metres) above ground level, yielding a freefall time of between 40 and 85 seconds. The length of the freefall (the time between exiting the aircraft and deploying the parachute) is dependent upon such factors as exit altitude, opening altitude, and fall rate. The fall rate is determined

Culion Island, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-17T01:33:00.000-08:00

island, one of the Calamian Group (q.v.), west-central Philippines. The island has an area of 150 square miles (389 square km) and is the site of Culion Reservation, a therapeutic community founded in 1906 for the treatment of leprosy (Hansen's disease). Rice and coconuts are grown on the island. Culion, the main settlement, is located on the northeastern coast. Pop. (latest census) 4,785.

Cullen, Countee, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-16T23:23:00.000-08:00

Reared by a woman who was probably his paternal grandmother, Countee at age 15 was unofficially adopted by the Reverend F.A. Cullen, minister of Salem M.E. Church, one of Harlem's largest congregations. He won a citywide poetry contest as a schoolboy and saw his winning stanzas

Coleman, Ornette

2005-02-16T16:45:00.000-08:00

Coleman began playing alto, then tenor saxophone as a teenager and soon became a working musician in dance bands and rhythm-and-blues groups. Early in his career, his approach to harmony was already unorthodox

Kad�r, J�

2005-02-15T20:28:00.000-08:00

Kad�r attended Charles University, Prague, and the Film School at Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (1938). During World War II he was interned in a Nazi labour camp, after which he worked as a scriptwriter and assistant director, first at

Cullen, Paul, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-15T07:51:00.000-08:00

Educated at the Quaker School, Carlow, Cullen joined the Urban College of Propaganda, Rome, and was ordained priest in 1829. He became rector of the Irish National College in Rome. During the Mazzini revolution of 1848 he was rector of the Urban College. In 1850 he became successor

Cullen, William, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-14T15:20:00.000-08:00

After attending the University of Glasgow and the new medical school at Edinburgh, Cullen returned to Hamilton. He spent eight years in private clinical practice, attending without fee those too poor to

Hilarion Of Kiev

2005-02-14T04:11:00.000-08:00

A priest, Hilarion became the second archbishop of Kiev, the chief city in Rus at that time. Although Kievan bishops had all previously been appointed by the patriarch of Constantinople, Hilarion was chosen by Prince Yaroslav I the Wise and an assembly

Cullinan Diamond, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-13T21:33:00.000-08:00

world's largest gem diamond, which weighed about 3,106 carats in rough form when found in 1905 at the Premier mine in Transvaal, S.Af. Named for Sir Thomas Cullinan, who had discovered the mine three years earlier, the colourless stone was purchased by the Transvaal government and was presented (1907) to the reigning British monarch, King Edward VII. It was cut into 9 large stones and about

Wolf Spider

2005-02-13T16:47:00.000-08:00

Also called �Ground Spider, or Hunting Spider, � any member of the spider family Lycosidae (order Araneida), a large and widespread group. They are named for the wolflike habit of chasing and pouncing upon prey. About 125 species occur in North America, about 50 in Europe. Numerous species occur north of the Arctic Circle. Most are small to medium-sized. The largest has a body about 2.5 cm (1 inch) long and legs about the same

Cullman, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-12T19:03:00.000-08:00

city, seat (1877) of Cullman county, on Brindley Mountain, northern Alabama, U.S., about 45 miles (70 km) north of Birmingham. It was founded in 1873 by German settlers led by Johann Gottfried Cullmann. The Cullman area is the top agricultural producer in Alabama, with poultry being most important. Industry is also a major factor in the local economy; it includes the manufacture of automotive

France, History Of, Philip VI

2005-02-12T00:33:00.000-08:00

Philip VI of Valois (ruled 1328 - 50), grandson of Philip III, was of mature age when he became regent of France in 1328. Upon the birth of a daughter to the widow of his cousin Charles IV, the familiar issue of the succession was posed anew. It was the regent's experience, together with the circumstance that Edward III of England, grandson of Philip the Fair, was under the influence of his

Anselm Of Canterbury, Saint

2005-02-11T05:29:00.000-08:00

Founder of Scholasticism, a philosophical school of thought that dominated the Middle Ages; he was recognized in modern times as the originator of the ontological argument for the existence of God (based on the idea of an absolutely perfect being, the fact of the idea being in itself

Culloden, Battle Of, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-11T04:32:00.000-08:00

also called �Battle Of Drummossie� (April 16, 1746), the last battle of the �Forty-five Rebellion,� when the Jacobites, under Charles Edward, the Young Pretender (�Bonnie Prince Charlie�), were defeated by British forces under William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Culloden is a tract of moorland in the county of Inverness, Scotland, forming a part of the northeast of Drummossie Moor and lying about 6 miles (10 km) east of

Aerosol

2005-02-10T19:23:00.000-08:00

True

Culmann, Carl, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-10T10:26:00.000-08:00

In 1841 Culmann entered the Bavarian civil service as a cadet bridge engineer with the Hof railway construction division. He was eventually appointed professor of engineering sciences at the

Hancock

2005-02-09T17:26:00.000-08:00

County, southeastern Maine, U.S. It is located in a mountain-and-valley region bounded to the west by the Penobscot River and to the south by several bays of the Atlantic Ocean and includes many islands. The rugged coastline was formed by a flooded mountain range; Mount Desert Island features Cadillac Mountain (1,532 feet [467 metres]), the highest Atlantic coast summit in Maine,

Culross, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-08T23:07:00.000-08:00

small, picturesque royal burgh (town) in Fife council area and historic county, Scotland, on the northern bank of the Firth of Forth. The burgh has early religious associations with the Celtic saints Serf and Mungo (5th century). A Cistercian abbey was founded there in 1217, and its tower and choir remain in the parish church. The burgh is a remarkable example of 16th- and 17th-century

Tarbert

2005-02-08T16:56:00.000-08:00

Village at the head of East Loch Tarbert, an inlet on the west side of of Loch Fyne, Argyll and Bute council area, historic county of Argyllshire, Scotland. Its name means isthmus, and it occupies a narrow neck of land joining the Peninsula of Kintyre to the rest of Argyll. The herring fishery, which was its mainstay, has declined, but Tarbert has developed modestly as a resort

Paullus Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius

2005-02-07T18:36:00.000-08:00

Paullus' father, a consul of the same name, had been killed fighting the Carthaginians at Cannae in 216. Praetor in 191 and consul in 182, Paullus campaigned against the Lusitanians in Spain (191 - 189) and the Ingauni in Liguria (181). As consul again in 168, he decisively defeated the Macedonian king Perseus

Culteranismo, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-07T11:24:00.000-08:00

To some extent an elaboration of the poetic practice of Louis de G�ngora, the theory of culteranismo was elaborated by Luis Carrillo y Sotomayor in Libro de la erudici�n po�

Cultivator, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-06T21:42:00.000-08:00

Horse-drawn cultivators were introduced in the mid-19th century; by 1870 a farmer with two horses could cultivate as much as 15 acres (6 hectares) a day with a machine the shovels (blades) of which straddled the crop rows. In the 20th century, with tractor power substituted

Fischer, Johann Michael

2005-02-06T14:26:00.000-08:00

Fischer was trained by his father, a mason. As an apprentice in Bohemia and Moravia beginning in 1713, he became familiar with the churches of the Dientzenhofer family and returned to Munich in 1718 to become

Kettle Gong

2005-02-05T18:17:00.000-08:00

Percussion instrument of the Bronze Age cultures of China, Indochina, and Indonesia. It was used mainly in rainmaking rites. Some kettle gongs from northern Vietnam are dated between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC. When played, they are suspended so that the striking surface (the head) is vertical.

Cultural Evolution, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-05T07:17:00.000-08:00

the development of a culture from simpler to more complex forms, by a continuous process. The subject may be viewed unilinearly, tracing the evolution of humankind as a whole; or it may be viewed multilinearly, treating the evolution of each culture or society (or of given parts of a culture or society) individually. Cultural evolution was an important concept in the

Cultural Revolution, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-04T13:59:00.000-08:00

in full� Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, �Wade-Giles romanization �Wu-ch'an Chieh-chi Wen-hua Ta Ke-ming, �Pinyin �Wuchanjieji Wenhua Dageming, � upheaval launched by Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong during his last decade in power (1966 - 76) to renew the spirit of the Chinese revolution. Fearing that China would develop along the lines of the Soviet model and concerned about his own place in history, Mao threw China's cities into turmoil in a monumental effort to reverse the historic processes

Anne And Joachim, Saints

2005-02-04T02:19:00.000-08:00

The parents of the Virgin Mary, according to tradition derived from certain apocryphal writings. Information concerning their lives and names is found in the 2nd-century-AD Protevangelium of James (�First Gospel of James�) and the 3rd-century-AD Evangelium de nativitate Mariae (�Gospel of the Nativity of

Culture-and-personality Studies, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-03T21:58:00.000-08:00

also called �Psychological Anthropology, � branch of anthropology that seeks to determine the nature of the interaction between the individual and his culture. It applies the methods of psychology to the field of anthropology in an effort to analyze the differing behaviour patterns of individuals who live in the same culture. Depth interviews, role playing, Rorschach tests, elaborate biographies, studies

Waddenzee

2005-02-03T02:23:00.000-08:00

Shallow inlet of the North Sea between the West Frisian Islands and the northern Netherlands mainland. The inlet extends from Noord-Holland to the northeast, where the islands gradually curve toward the mainland and the channel narrows to a few miles. Until the completion of the IJsselmeer dam (Afsluitdijk), Waddenzee formed the northern part of the former Zuiderzee.

Culture Area, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-02T18:17:00.000-08:00

Among the most important writers on the subject of culture areas were Sir Halford Mackinder

Chablis

2005-02-02T05:30:00.000-08:00

Chablis vineyards

Gray, Elisha

2005-02-01T06:37:00.000-08:00

Gray invented a number of telegraphic devices and in 1869 was one of two partners who founded what became Western Electric Company. On Feb. 14, 1876, the day that Bell filed an application for a patent for a telephone, Gray

Culture System, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-02-01T04:03:00.000-08:00

According to the system, a villager should provide land rent to the government by setting aside one-fifth

Cultured Pearl, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-01-31T23:35:00.000-08:00

natural but cultivated pearl produced by a mollusk after the intentional introduction of a foreign object inside the creature's shell. The discovery that such pearls could be cultivated in freshwater mussels is said to have been made in 13th-century China, and the Chinese have been adept for hundreds of years at cultivating pearls by opening the mussel's shell and

Puu Kukui

2005-01-31T09:36:00.000-08:00

Volcanic peak, Maui county, western Maui Island, Hawaii, U.S. It is the highest peak (5,788 feet [1,764 m]) of an 18-mile (29-kilometre) stretch of mountains, the Honolua volcanic series, which dominates the western peninsula of Maui. Puu Kukui (meaning �candlenut hill�) was formed by a volcano whose caldera has eroded into the scenic valley of Iao.

Culver City, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-01-30T13:16:00.000-08:00

city, Los Angeles county, California, U.S. Part of Rancho La Ballona, it was laid out in 1914 by Harry H. Culver and promoted as a site for motion-picture production, becoming the home of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Hal Roach studios. Television shows were produced at what were the Desilu and before that the RKO studios. Petroleum, aircraft, and electronic industries are the other

Great Leap Forward

2005-01-30T08:50:00.000-08:00

The campaign undertaken by the Chinese Communists between 1958 and early 1960 to organize its vast population, especially in large-scale rural communes, to meet China's industrial and agricultural problems. The Chinese hoped to develop labour-intensive methods of industrialization, which would emphasize manpower rather than machines. Thereby, it was hoped, the country

Culverin, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-01-29T09:52:00.000-08:00

The culverin was adapted to field use by the French in the mid-15th century and to naval use by the English in the late 16th century. During the 17th century, cannons were classified according to the weight of projectiles fired, and

Culverwel, Nathanael, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-01-28T04:39:00.000-08:00

Details of Culverwel's life are obscure. Though it is known that he was elected to a fellowship at the University of Cambridge in 1642, he is thought to have suffered a mental breakdown in his last years. His writings

Fischer-tropsch Reaction

2005-01-28T02:12:00.000-08:00

The process was first used in Germany about 1940 as a method of producing liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, such as gasoline

Jackson, Andrew

2005-01-27T13:12:00.000-08:00

After the close of the war, Jackson was named commander of the southern district. He entrusted the command of the troops in the field to subordinates while he retired to his home at the Hermitage, near Nashville. He was ordered back to active service at the end of December 1817, when unrest along the border appeared to be reaching critical proportions. The instructions given Jackson were vague, and he ordered an invasion of Florida immediately after taking active command. He captured two Spanish posts and appointed one of his subordinates military governor of Florida. These bold actions brought an immediate and sharp protest from Spain and precipitated a cabinet crisis in Washington. The staunch defense of Jackson by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams saved Jackson from censure and hastened the U.S. acquisition of Florida.

Cumae, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-01-27T08:18:00.000-08:00

ancient city about 12 miles (19 km) west of Naples, probably the oldest Greek mainland colony in the west and home of a sibyl (Greek prophetess) whose cavern still exists. Founded about 750 BC by Greeks from Chalcis, Cumae came to control the most fertile portions of the Campanian plain. Although the Etruscans were their special enemy during the last half of the 6th century and first

Robert De Boron

2005-01-26T05:30:00.000-08:00

Boron also spelled �Borron � French poet, originally from the village of Boron, near Delle. He was important for his trilogy of poems (Joseph d'Arimathe, Merlin, Perceval). It told the early history of the Grail and linked this independent legend more firmly with Arthurian legend, using the prophetic figure of Merlin, with his knowledge of past and future, as the connecting link.

Cuman, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-01-26T03:51:00.000-08:00

Hungarian �Kun, � member of a nomadic Turkish people, comprising the western branch of the Kipchak confederation until the Mongol invasion (1237) forced them to seek asylum in Hungary. During the 12th century the Cumans acted as auxiliary troops for the Russian princes and in that capacity clashed with Hungarian expeditionary forces; but, by the beginning of the 13th century, they had become

Coil

2005-01-25T18:48:00.000-08:00

In an electric circuit, one or more turns, usually roughly circular or cylindrical, of current-carrying wire designed to produce a magnetic field or to provide electrical resistance or inductance; in the latter case, a coil is also called a choke coil (see also inductance). A soft iron core placed within a coil produces an electromagnet. A cylindrical coil that moves

Cuman

2005-01-25T00:35:00.000-08:00

city, capital of Sucre estado (�state�), northeastern Venezuela. On the Manzanares River, 1 mile (1.6 km) inland from its port, Puerto Sucre, on the Caribbean Sea at the mouth of the river, Cuman� has an elevation of 52 feet (16 m) and an average temperature of 83� F (28� C). Founded as Nueva C�rdoba in 1523, Cuman� claims to be the oldest European settlement on the South American mainland. Despite attacks

Cumanagoto, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-01-24T18:21:00.000-08:00

Indians of northeastern Venezuela at the time of the Spanish conquest. Since the 17th century they have not existed as a tribal or cultural unit. The Cumanagoto spoke a Cariban language, related to that of the Palenque. They were agricultural, growing corn (maize), manioc, sweet potatoes, and other native crops, as well as coca trees, source of the drug cocaine. Wild foods were

Linklater, Eric (robert)

2005-01-24T16:19:00.000-08:00

Linklater began studying medicine at Aberdeen University but switched to English literature. After service in the Black Watch in World War I, during which he was wounded, he turned to journalism, becoming assistant editor of the Times of India (1925 - 27). He

Cumberland, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-01-23T04:03:00.000-08:00

Cumberland lies along the northwest coast of England, facing the Solway

Omdurman, Battle Of

2005-01-23T02:01:00.000-08:00

Preparations for an advance against 'Abd Allah's forces at Omdurman began at the end of July 1898, with the dispatch

Gabon, History Of

2005-01-22T21:24:00.000-08:00

Attempts by the republic's first president, L�on M'ba, to institute

Cumberland, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-01-22T19:44:00.000-08:00

city, seat (1789) of Allegany county, northwestern Maryland, U.S. It lies in a bowl-shaped valley in the narrow panhandle region between Pennsylvania (north) and West Virginia (south), bounded by the Potomac River to the south. It is situated at the entrance to Cumberland Narrows, a natural gateway carved by Wills Creek through the Allegheny Mountains west to the Ohio River valley.

Kamchatka Peninsula

2005-01-21T17:50:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Kamcatka, �Russian �Poluostrov Kamchatka, � peninsula in far eastern Russia, lying between the Sea of Okhotsk on the west and the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea on the east. It is about 750 miles (1,200 km) long north-south and about 300 miles (480 km) across at its widest; its area is approximately 140,000 square miles (370,000 square km). Two mountain ranges, the Sredinny (�Central�) and Vostochny (�Eastern�), extend along the peninsula and rise to 15,584 feet (4,750 m) in Klyuchevskaya

Cumberland, Richard, Vaishnava Samhitas

2005-01-21T10:05:00.000-08:00

In 1658 Cumberland left the study of medicine at the University of Cambridge to serve in the rectory of Brampton House in Northamptonshire and three years later became one of the 12 official preachers at Cambridge. In 1667 he joined the rectory of Allhallows at

Academy

2005-01-20T22:46:00.000-08:00

The designation academy, as a school of philosophy, is usually applied not to Plato's immediate